IN BRIEF Definition: Quantum physics is a set of theories developed in the 20th century to explain the behavior of atoms and particles. Scientific revolution: Considered one of the two great revolutions of the twentieth century, alongside the theory of relativity. Nature of interactions: It describes how energy is exchanged in discrete values called quanta. … Read more
IN BRIEF 1803 : John Dalton proposes a first atomic model. 1897 : Discovery of the electron by Thomson. 1911 : Identification of the nucleus by Rutherford. 1920 : Discovery of the proton. 1922 : Development of the electron shells by Bohr. Transition from Dalton to Bohr models, integrating energy levels. The Bohr model remains … Read more
IN BRIEF The theory of relativity formulated by Albert Einstein. Special relativity discovered in 1905, challenging classical notions. General relativity established in 1915, revising our understanding of gravity. Time can slow down and space can contract. This theory has revolutionized our view of the universe. Essential implications in physics and astrophysics. Initial criticisms but only … Read more
IN BRIEF Conservation of energy principle: The total energy of an isolated system does not change. Energy transformation: Energy can be transformed or transferred, but never created or destroyed. Mechanical energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant in an isolated system. First principle of thermodynamics: The total energy is conserved in any … Read more
IN BRIEF Elementary particles: fundamental units of matter. Quarks: components of protons and neutrons, grouped into hadrons. Leptons: particles such as electrons, without color charge. Standard model: theoretical framework encompassing particles and their interactions. Bosons: mediators of fundamental forces (e.g., the Higgs boson). Classification of particles into fermions (quarks and leptons) and bosons. Particle interaction: … Read more
IN BRIEF Discovery of a new force of nature. Identification of HD1, the oldest galaxy. Future of particle physics post-Higgs boson. Advances in quantum physics opening new research avenues. Dynamics of volcanoes illuminated by recent studies. Potential of future discoveries in fundamental physics. Evaluation of the large hadron collider (LHC). Impact of discoveries on the … Read more
IN BRIEF Four fundamental forces: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force. Gravity: attraction of all masses, the weakest force. Electromagnetism: framework force of matter and responsible for interactions between electric charges. Strong nuclear force: holds protons and neutrons bound in the atomic nucleus. Weak nuclear force: involved in certain forms of … Read more
IN BRIEF Dark matter: Makes up about 25% of the universe. Dark energy: Represents about 70% of the universe. Dark matter: Has an attractive virtue, promoting clumping. Dark energy: Has a repulsive virtue, pushing celestial objects away. 95% of the universe: Formed by dark matter and dark energy. Invisible: Cannot be detected by light. Persistent … Read more
IN BRIEF Definition: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a chemical element. Composition: Atoms consist of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Dimensions: The size of an atom is extremely small, about one ten-millionth of a millimeter. Properties: The number of protons and electrons determines … Read more
IN BRIEF First law: Principle of inertia, an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion retains its velocity. Second law: Relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma). Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s laws are the foundations of classical mechanics. Applications: used … Read more