IN SHORT Principle of conservation of energy: The total energy of an isolated system does not change. Energy transformation: Energy can be transformed or transferred, but never created or destroyed. Kinetic energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant in an isolated system. First principle of thermodynamics: Total energy is conserved in any … Read more
IN BRIEF Elementary particles: fundamental units of matter. Quarks: components of protons and neutrons, grouped into hadrons. Leptons: particles like electrons, without color charge. Standard model: theoretical framework encompassing particles and their interactions. Bosons: mediators of fundamental forces (for example, the Higgs boson). Classification of particles into fermions (quarks and leptons) and bosons. Particle interaction: … Read more
IN BRIEF Discovery of a new force of nature. Identification of HD1, the oldest galaxy. Future of particle physics post-Higgs boson. Advancements in quantum physics opening new research avenues. Dynamics of volcanoes illuminated by recent studies. Potential of upcoming discoveries in fundamental physics. Assessment of the large hadron collider (LHC). Impact of discoveries on the … Read more
IN BRIEF Four fundamental forces: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force. Gravity: attraction of all masses, the weakest force. Electromagnetism: framework force of matter and responsible for interactions between electric charges. Strong nuclear force: keeps protons and neutrons bound in the atomic nucleus. Weak nuclear force: involved in certain forms of … Read more
IN BRIEF Definition : An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a chemical element. Composition : Atoms are made up of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Dimensions : The size of an atom is extremely small, about one ten-millionth of a millimeter. Properties : The … Read more
IN BRIEF First law: Principle of inertia, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion maintains its speed. Second law: Relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma). Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The laws of Newton are the foundations of classical mechanics. … Read more
IN BRIEF Mathematics as a universal language Relationship with physics, biology, computer science Essential role in understanding the world Mathematical logic for decision making Application in research and conferences Universality of mathematics in sciences Importance of theorems and fractals Theory of chaos and its implications In the field of physics, mathematics plays a fundamental role, … Read more
IN BRIEF Thermodynamics: Study of energy exchanges. First principle: Conservation of energy. Second principle: Direction of heat exchanges. Third principle: Limit of entropy at absolute zero temperature. Thermodynamic systems: open, closed and isolated. Applications: Thermal machines, physical, biological and chemical processes. Thermodynamics is an essential branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat and … Read more
IN BRIEF Origins of physics in ancient Greece, with philosophers like Aristotle. Contributions of Greek engineers in the development of science. Evolution towards relativity with the work of Einstein. Impact of major discoveries, from Thales to Einstein. Fundamental concepts such as number and theories of mechanics. Transformation of modern physics with the emergence of quantum … Read more
