IN BRIEF Discovery of a new force of nature. Identification of HD1, the oldest galaxy. Future of particle physics post-Higgs boson. Advances in quantum physics opening new research avenues. Dynamics of volcanoes illuminated by recent studies. Potential of future discoveries in fundamental physics. Evaluation of the large hadron collider (LHC). Impact of discoveries on the … Read more
IN BRIEF Four fundamental forces: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force. Gravity: attraction of all masses, the weakest force. Electromagnetism: framework force of matter and responsible for interactions between electric charges. Strong nuclear force: holds protons and neutrons bound in the atomic nucleus. Weak nuclear force: involved in certain forms of … Read more
IN BRIEF Dark matter: Makes up about 25% of the universe. Dark energy: Represents about 70% of the universe. Dark matter: Has an attractive virtue, promoting clumping. Dark energy: Has a repulsive virtue, pushing celestial objects away. 95% of the universe: Formed by dark matter and dark energy. Invisible: Cannot be detected by light. Persistent … Read more
IN BRIEF Definition: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a chemical element. Composition: Atoms consist of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Dimensions: The size of an atom is extremely small, about one ten-millionth of a millimeter. Properties: The number of protons and electrons determines … Read more
IN BRIEF First law: Principle of inertia, an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion retains its velocity. Second law: Relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma). Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s laws are the foundations of classical mechanics. Applications: used … Read more
IN BRIEF Mathematics as a universal language Relation with physics, biology, computer science Essential role to understand the world Mathematical logic for decision making Application in research and conferences Universality of mathematics in sciences Importance of theorems and fractals Theory of chaos and its implications In the field of physics, mathematics plays a fundamental role, … Read more
IN BRIEF Thermodynamics: Study of energy exchanges. First principle: Conservation of energy. Second principle: Direction of heat exchanges. Third principle: Limit of entropy at absolute zero. Thermodynamic systems: open, closed, and isolated. Applications: Thermal machines, physical, biological, and chemical processes. Thermodynamics is an essential branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat and other … Read more
IN BRIEF Origins of physics in ancient Greece, with philosophers such as Aristotle. Contributions of Greek engineers to the development of science. Evolution towards relativity with the works of Einstein. Impact of major discoveries, from Thales to Einstein. Fundamental concepts such as number and the theories of mechanics. Transformation of modern physics with the emergence … Read more