IN BRIEF Superclusters of galaxies: vast groupings of galaxies. Laniakea: a supercluster that extends over nearly 500 million light-years. More than 100,000 galaxies in our supercluster, identified through extensive studies. Superclusters are subdivided into groups of clusters known as galaxy clouds. Cosmic flows: movements of galaxies influenced by gravity. Hyperion: a supercluster of young galaxies, … Read more
IN BRIEF Electric propulsion: use of electricity to ionize a propellant agent. Ion thrusters: one of the most advanced propulsion systems. Innovative technologies: development of more efficient propulsion systems. Antimatter: potentially a solution for interstellar travel. Plasma propulsion: active research on Hall-effect thrusters. Launch systems: space elevators and launch loops to reach orbit. Satellite lifespan: … Read more
IN BRIEF Primordial nucleosynthesis: the initial formation of elements after the Big Bang. Origin of matter: explained by the Big Bang model. Carbon chemistry: the foundation of life on Earth with sugar, proteins, lipids. First molecule: the helium hydride ion (HeH+) could be the very first formed element. Complexification of atoms: evolution of hydrogen atoms … Read more
IN SHORT Globular clusters: groupings of old and dense stars. Considered as ancient relics of galaxy formation. Orbit around the galactic center at distances of 40 to 100 kiloparsecs. The study of globular clusters has helped to better understand the history of the Milky Way. The existence of dwarf galaxies absorbed into our galaxy explained … Read more
IN BRIEF Binary stars: Systems composed of two stars orbiting each other. Birth and evolution: The processes during their formation are still unclear for scientists. Gravitational interactions: Influence the disks of gas and dust around binary stars. Physical measurements: Typology of binary stars allowing for direct observations and analysis. X-ray binary sources: Stars emitting X-rays, … Read more
IN BRIEF Relativistic jets: ejections of matter at speeds close to that of light. Source: originating from accretion disks around black holes. Observation: monitoring a black hole for 15 years by an international team of astronomers. Power: the most powerful phenomena observed in astrophysics. Structure: jets maintain a narrow structure over vast distances. Rotation: the … Read more
IN SHORT Colonization of Mars: establishment of an autonomous human community. Martian bases: habitats with controlled atmosphere. Resources: access to water primarily in the form of ice. Challenges: extreme temperatures and high radiation. Ownership: rights to commercial resources, but not to the land. Technology: technical challenges must be solved for successful colonization. International races: countries … Read more
IN BRIEF Multi-scale analysis of organic residues synthesized in the laboratory. Creation of samples from lunar rocks provided by China. Research on the extraterrestrial composition of Bronze Age objects. Examination of primitive extraterrestrial matter to understand its evolution. Detection of chemical traces of extraterrestrial life forms. Use of atomic force microscopy to visualize extraterrestrial molecules. … Read more
IN BRIEF Exploration of the universe beyond our solar system. Propulsion technologies such as nuclear fission and solar sails. Major technical challenges of interstellar travel. Possible improvements over conventional rockets. Search for revolutionary methods to travel faster than light. Perspectives from recent Nobel Prizes in Physics on human relocation. Importance of educational projects to encourage … Read more
IN SHORT Quantum Gravity: Unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Loop Quantum Gravity: Model based on the canonical quantization of relativity. String Theory: Automatically integrates quantum gravity. Theoretical Challenges: Ongoing research to integrate quantum field theories and general relativity. Fluctuations of spacetime: Fundamental concepts in quantum gravity. Spin Foam Models: Innovative approaches to quantum … Read more