IN BRIEF Past: Apollo missions (1969-1972) and the first steps of man on the Moon. Cold War Period: Competition between the United States and the USSR for space exploration. Recent Exploration: Sending satellites and robotic missions by various countries. Future: Projects for human colonies and sustainable exploration on the Moon. Futuristic Goals: French astronauts expected … Read more
IN BRIEF 1957: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite by the USSR. 1961: Sending of the first living being into space, the chimpanzee Ham. 1969: The Apollo 11 mission allows the first humans to walk on the Moon. 1400 orbits around the Earth for Sputnik 1 before its destruction. Exploration of planets through … Read more
IN BRIEF Main objectives: Exploration of the Moon, Jupiter, Mars, and beyond. Voyager 1: The farthest space probe that has transmitted data about interstellar space. Hubble: The first telescope to study the atmosphere of exoplanets. Galileo: A landmark mission around Jupiter, providing images and atmospheric data. Crucial discoveries: Identification of compounds such as sodium in … Read more
IN BRIEF Cosmological Model: Mathematical description of the history of the Universe. Friedmann Equations: Foundation of modern cosmological models. Cosmology: Study of the structures and evolution of the Universe. Quantum Physics: Basis of particle and matter theories. Hubble Constant: Measurement of the expansion of the Universe. Differential and Integral Calculus: Key mathematical tools in celestial … Read more
IN BRIEF Solar Wind: flow of particles ejected from the Sun. Origin: comes from the solar corona. Plasma: fills the heliosphere up to 100 astronomical units. Solar Storms: caused by clusters of sunspots. Earth’s Magnetic Field: protects Earth from ionized particles. Auroras: result from the interaction between solar wind and Earth’s atmosphere. Nuclear Reactions: source … Read more
IN BRIEF Challenges related to astronaut health Impact on space tourism Necessity for new technologies for diagnosis Clinical research in space Issues for missions to the Moon and Mars Biology and effects of manned spaceflights Space resources for the health of tomorrow In a world where space exploration offers unprecedented horizons, the challenges of space … Read more
IN BRIEF Thermodynamics: Study of physical properties as a function of temperature. Thermal equilibrium: State where temperature reaches a stable value. Astrophysics: Application of thermodynamic principles to astronomical phenomena. Wien’s Law: Principles used to analyze radiation in the universe. Mass-luminosity relation: Correlations between mass and light emission from stars. Understanding accretion disks and other astrophysical … Read more
IN BRIEF Neutrinos are nearly massless subatomic particles. They have no electric charge, making their identification complex. They act as messengers of cosmic phenomena. Neutrinos come from energetic events such as supernovae. They allow for a better understanding of astrophysical phenomena. These particles are more abundant than dark matter. Neutrino astronomy offers a complementary perspective … Read more
IN BRIEF Black hole: a region of space with an intense gravitational field. Accretion disk: matter in orbit around a celestial body, often composed of gas and dust. Accretion disks around supermassive black holes: key to observing the accretion of matter. Inclination of the accretion disk and angle of observation influence the detected brightness. Emission … Read more
IN BRIEF Apollo Program by NASA, active from 1961 to 1975 Apollo 11, first human step on the Moon on July 21, 1969 Rock samples collected during lunar missions Use of the Saturn V launcher, developed by Werner Von Braun Importance of the missions for geological and scientific research Political and technological impact of the … Read more