Antoine Lefevre 
IN BRIEF Principle of conservation of energy: The total energy of an isolated system does not change. Transformation of energy: Energy can be transformed or transferred, but never created or destroyed. Mechanical energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy remains constant in an isolated system. First principle of thermodynamics: Total energy is conserved in … Read more
IN BRIEF Elementary particles: fundamental units of matter. Quarks: components of protons and neutrons, grouped into hadrons. Leptons: particles such as electrons, with no color charge. Standard model: theoretical framework encompassing particles and their interactions. Bosons: mediators of fundamental forces (e.g., the Higgs boson). Classification of particles into fermions (quarks and leptons) and bosons. Particle … Read more
IN BRIEF Discovery of a new force of nature. Identification of HD1, the oldest galaxy. Future of particle physics post-Higgs boson. Advances in quantum physics opening new research avenues. Dynamics of volcanoes illuminated by recent studies. Potential for upcoming discoveries in fundamental physics. Evaluation of the large hadron collider (LHC). Impact of discoveries on understanding … Read more
IN BRIEF Four fundamental forces: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force. Gravity: attraction of all masses, the weakest force. Electromagnetism: force framework of matter and responsible for interactions between electric charges. Strong nuclear force: keeps protons and neutrons bound within the atomic nucleus. Weak nuclear force: involved in certain forms of … Read more
IN BRIEF Dark Matter: Makes up about 25% of the universe. Dark Energy: Represents about 70% of the universe. Dark Matter: Has an attractive virtue, promoting clustering. Dark Energy: Has a repulsive virtue, pushing celestial objects apart. 95% of the Universe: Made up of dark matter and dark energy. Invisible: Cannot be detected by light. … Read more
IN BRIEF Definition : An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of a chemical element. Composition : Atoms consist of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. Dimensions : The size of an atom is extremely small, about one ten-millionth of a millimeter. Properties : The number of … Read more
IN BRIEF First law: Law of inertia, an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues at constant speed. Second law: Relationship between force, mass, and acceleration (F = ma). Third law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s laws are the foundations of classical mechanics. Applications: … Read more
IN BRIEF Mathematics as a universal language Relationship with physics, biology, computer science Essential role in understanding the world Mathematical logic for decision-making Application in research and conferences Universality of mathematics in sciences Importance of theorems and fractals Theory of chaos and its implications In the field of physics, mathematics plays a fundamental role, acting … Read more
IN BRIEF Thermodynamics: Study of energy exchanges. First principle: Conservation of energy. Second principle: Direction of heat exchanges. Third principle: Limit of entropy at absolute zero temperature. Thermodynamic systems: open, closed and isolated. Applications: thermal machines, physical, biological and chemical processes. Thermodynamics is an essential branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat and … Read more
IN BRIEF Origins of physics in ancient Greece, with philosophers like Aristotle. Contributions of Greek engineers to the development of science. Evolution towards relativity with the work of Einstein. Impact of major discoveries, from Thales to Einstein. Fundamental concepts such as number and theories of mechanics. Transformation of modern physics with the emergence of quantum … Read more